The Path class includes various methods that can be used to obtain information about the path, access elements of the path, convert the path to other forms, or extract portions of a path. There are also methods for matching the path string and methods for removing redundancies in a path. This lesson addresses these Path methods, sometimes called syntactic operations, because they operate on the path itself and don't necessarily access the file system.

This section covers the following:

• Creating a Path
• Retrieving Information About a Path
• Removing Redundancies from a Path
• Converting a Path
• Joining Two Paths
• Creating a Path Between Two Paths
• Comparing Two Paths
• Verifying the Existence of a File or Directory

Creating a Path

A Path instance contains the information used to specify the location of a file or directory. At the time it is defined, a Path is provided with a series of one or more names. A root element or a file name might be included, but neither are required. A Path might consist of just a single directory or file name.

You can easily create a Path object by using one of the following get methods from the Paths (note the plural) helper class:

Path p1 = Paths.get("/tmp/foo");
Path p2 = Paths.get(args[0]);
Path p3 = Paths.get("file:///Users/joe/FileTest.java");

The Paths.get method is shorthand for the following code:

Path p4 = FileSystems.getDefault().getPath("/users/sally");

Retrieving Information about a Path

You can think of the Path as storing these name elements as a sequence. The highest element in the directory structure would be located at index 0. The lowest element in the directory structure would be located at index [n-1], where n is the number of name elements in the Path. Methods are available for retrieving individual elements or a subsequence of the Path using these indexes.

The examples in this lesson use the following directory structure.

Sample Directory Structure

The following code snippet defines a Path instance and then invokes several methods to obtain information about the path:

// None of these methods requires that the file corresponding
// to the Path exists, with the possible exception of isHidden.
Path path = Paths.get("C:\\home\\joe\\foo");    // Microsoft Windows syntax
//Path path = Paths.get("/home/joe/foo");       // Solaris syntax
System.out.format("toString: %s%n", path.toString());
System.out.format("getName: %s%n", path.getName());
System.out.format("getName(0): %s%n", path.getName(0));
System.out.format("getNameCount: %d%n", path.getNameCount());
System.out.format("subpath(0,2): %d%n", path.subpath(0,2));
System.out.format("getParent: %s%n", path.getParent());
System.out.format("getRoot: %s%n", path.getRoot());
System.out.format("isHidden: %s%n", path.isHidden());

Here is the output for both Windows and the Solaris OS:

Method Invoked	Returns in the Solaris OS	Returns in Microsoft Windows	Comment
toString	/home/joe/foo	C:\home\joe\foo	Returns the string representation of the Path. If the path was created using Filesystems.getDefault().getPath(String) or Paths.get (the latter is a convenience method for getPath), the method performs minor syntactic cleanup. For example, in a UNIX operating system, it will correct the input string //home/joe/foo to /home/joe/foo.
getName	foo	foo	Returns the file name or the last element of the sequence of name elements.
getName(0)	home	home	Returns the path element corresponding to the specified index. The 0th element is the path element closest to the root.
getNameCount	3	3	Returns the number of elements in the path.
subpath(0,2)	home/joe	home\joe	Returns the subsequence of the Path (not including a root element) as specified by the beginning and ending indexes.
getParent	/home/joe	\home\joe	Returns the path of the parent directory.
getRoot	/	C:\	Returns the root of the path.
isHidden	false	false	Returns true if the file is considered hidden for a particular file system. In the Solaris OS, hidden files are prefixed by a dot ("."). In Microsoft Windows, hidden files are specified by a file attribute, so accessing the file system is necessary to check the HIDDEN attribute.

The previous example shows the output for an absolute path. In the following example, a relative path is specified:

Path path = Paths.get("sally/bar");     // Solaris syntax
or
Path path = Paths.get("sally\\bar");    // Microsoft Windows syntax

Here is the output for Windows and the Solaris OS:

Method Invoked	Returns in the Solaris OS	Returns in Microsoft Windows
toString	sally/bar	sally\bar
getName	bar	bar
getName(0)	sally	sally
getNameCount	2	2
subpath(0,1)	sally	sally
getParent	sally	sally
getRoot	null	null
isHidden	false	false

Removing Redundancies From a Path

Many file systems use "." notation to denote the current directory and ".." to denote the parent directory. You might have a situation where a Path contains redundant directory information. Perhaps a server is configured to save its log files in the "/dir/logs/." directory, and you want to delete the trailing "/." notation from the path.

The following examples both include redundancies:

/home/./joe/foo
/home/sally/../joe/foo

The normalize method removes any redundant elements, which includes any "." or "directory/.." occurrences. Both of the preceding examples normalize to /home/joe/foo.

It is important to note that normalize doesn't check at the file system when it cleans up a path. It is a purely syntactic operation. In the second example, if sally were a symbolic link, removing sally/.. might result in a Path that no longer locates the intended file.

To clean up a path while ensuring that the result locates the correct file, you can use the toRealPath method. This method is described in the next section, Converting a Path.

Converting a Path

You can use three methods to convert the Path. If you need to convert the path to a string that can be opened from a browser, you can use toUri. For example:

Path p1 = Paths.get("/home/logfile");
System.out.format("%s%n", p1.toUri());  // Result is file:///home/logfile

The toAbsolutePath method converts a path to an absolute path. If the passed-in path is already absolute, it returns the same Path object. The toAbsolutePath method can be very helpful when processing user-entered file names. For example:

public class FileTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

	if (args.length < 1) {
	    System.out.println("usage: FileTest file");
	    System.exit(-1);
	}

	// Converts the input string to a Path object.
	Path inputPath = Paths.get(args[0]);

	// Converts the input Path to an absolute path.
	// Generally, this means prepending the current working
	// directory.  If this example were called like this:
	//	       java FileTest foo
	// the getRoot and getParent methods would return null
	// on the original "inputPath" instance.  Invoking getRoot and
	// getParent on the "fullPath" instance returns expected values.
	Path fullPath = inputPath.toAbsolutePath();
    }
}

The toAbsolutePath method converts the user input and returns a Path that returns useful values when queried. The file does not need to exist for this method to work.

The toRealPath method returns the real path of an existing file. This method performs several operations in one:

• If true is passed to this method and the file system supports symbolic links, this method resolves any symbolic links in the path.
• If the Path is relative, it returns an absolute path.
• If the Path contains any redundant elements, it returns a path with those elements removed.

This method throws an exception if the file does not exist or cannot be accessed. You can catch the exception when you want to handle any of these cases. For example:

try {
    Path fp = path.ToRealPath(true);
} catch (NoSuchFileException x) {
    System.err.format("%s: no such file or directory%n", path);
    //Logic for case when file doesn't exist.
} catch (IOException x) {
    System.err.format("%s%n", x);
    //Logic for other sort of file error.
}

Joining Two Paths

You can combine paths by using the resolve method. You pass in a partial path , which is a path that does not include a root element, and that partial path is appended to the original path.

For example, consider the following code snippet:

Path p1 = Paths.get("/home/joe/foo");          // Solaris
System.out.format("%s%n", p1.resolve("bar"));  // Result is /home/joe/foo/bar

or

Path p1 = Paths.get("C:\\home\\joe\\foo");    // Microsoft Windows
System.out.format("%s%n", p1.resolve("bar")); // Result is C:\home\joe\foo\bar

Passing an absolute path to the resolve method returns the passed-in path:

Paths.get("foo").resolve("/home/joe");       // Result is /home/joe

Creating a Path Between Two Paths

A common requirement when you are writing file I/O code is the capability to construct a path from one location in the file system to another location. You can meet this using the relativize method. This method constructs a path originating from the original path and ending at the location specified by the passed-in path. The new path is relative to the original path.

For example, consider two relative paths defined as joe and sally:

Path p1 = Paths.get("joe");
Path p2 = Paths.get("sally");

In the absence of any other information, it is assumed that joe and sally are siblings, meaning nodes that reside at the same level in the tree structure. To navigate from joe to sally, you would expect to first navigate one level up to the parent node and then down to sally:

Path p1_to_p2 = p1.relativize(p2);   // Result is ../sally
Path p2_to_p1 = p2.relativize(p1);   // Result is ../joe

Consider a slightly more complicated example:

Path p1 = Paths.get("home");
Path p3 = Paths.get("home/sally/bar");
Path p1_to_p3 = p1.relativize(p3);  // Result is sally/bar
Path p3_to_p1 = p3.relativize(p1);  // Result is ../..

In this example, the two paths share the same node, home. To navigate from home to bar, you first navigate one level down to sally and then one more level down to bar. Navigating from bar to home requires moving up two levels.

A relative path cannot be constructed if only one of the paths includes a root element. If both paths include a root element, the capability to construct a relative path is system dependent.

The recursive Copy example uses the relativize and resolve methods.

Comparing Two Paths

The Path class supports equals, enabling you to test two paths for equality. The startsWith and endsWith methods enable you to test whether a path begins or ends with a particular string. These methods are easy to use. For example:

Path path = ...;
Path otherPath = ...;
Path beginning = Paths.get("/home");
Path ending = Paths.get("foo");

if (path.equals(otherPath)) {
    //equality logic here
} else if (path.startsWith(beginning)) {
    //path begins with "/home"
} else if (path.endsWith(ending)) {
    //path ends with "foo"
}

The Path class implements the Iterable interface. The iterator method returns an object that enables you to iterate over the name elements in the path. The first element returned is that closest to the root in the directory tree. The following code snippet iterates over a path, printing each name element:

Path path = ...;
for (Path name: path) {
    System.out.println(name);
}

The Path class also implements the Comparable interface. You can compare Path objects by using compareTo which is useful for sorting.

You can also put Path objects into a Collection. See the Collections trail for more information about this powerful feature.

When you want to verify that two Path objects locate the same file, you can use the isSameFile method, as described in Checking Whether Two Paths Locate the Same File.

Verifying the Existence of a File or Directory

Most of the methods described in this page are syntactic, meaning that they operate on the Path instance. But eventually you must access the file system to verify that a particular Path exists, or does not exist. You can do so with the exists and the notExists methods. Note that !path.exists() is not equivalent to path.notExists(). When you are testing a file's existence, three results are possible:

• The file is verified to exist.
• The file is verified to not exist.
• The file's status is unknown. This result can occur when the program does not have access to the file.

If both exists and notExists return false, the existence of the file cannot be verified.

The Path class also supports a more powerful method to check accessibility, the checkAccess method. This method is described in Checking File Accessibility.